Archive for May, 2009

What makes Mutual Funds Popular?

Sunday, May 31st, 2009

The most popular investment choice are mutual funds. If you are wondering why they are so popular there are as many reasons as there are investors. Some of the biggest reasons will be discussed here.

First of all, mutual funds are inexpensive when compared to some stocks and do not carry the hefty commissions that go along with trading through the stock market in many cases. The relative inexpensiveness of mutual funds when compared to other stock purchases make them extremely popular among those who have little money to invest but want to be setting money aside for future needs and their golden years. It’s also a way in which investors may begin to set small sums, as little as $100 a month aside to purchase these funds and not have all the money eaten up in transaction fees and commissions.

Second, mutual funds are a little easier to come by than most stocks. Many people purchase mutual funds through local bank and company 401 (k) plans whereas stock purchases require a brokerage service of some sort in order to pull them off along with the brokerage fees that cut into the money invested as well as the money earned when the stocks or funds in this case are sold.

Third, mutual funds allow investors to build up a slow and steady income for their retirement years. While there are plenty of investment options that offer more immediate and more lucrative returns mutual funds are the ones that can be relied upon for the long stretch and that is what matters to many that are entering the phase of retirement savings in which risks aren’t necessarily highly advisable because they need to capitalize on what is currently in their funds without the risk of losing that money.

Another reason that mutual funds are so popular is because they are effective. Mutual funds pool the resources of many in order to maximize the earning potential of funds that are diverse enough to minimize risks while aggressive enough to bring in a few profits along the way. The risks are further hampered by the fact that so many people are absorbing little nicks of the cut along the way. What would have been catastrophic if you had your entire investment or even a large portion of your investment tied up in one stock is a nickel hit because other stocks and bonds in the bouquet as well as the large number of people sharing the hit have softened the blow.

Finally, mutual funds are popular because people see them as profitable. Even if the profits are a long way down the road, the promise of profits tomorrow is enough for many to make the investment today. If you haven’t considered the value of adding mutual funds to your portfolio now is the perfect time to do just that. Mutual funds are a great way to bring stability to a volatile market. They provide shelter for many stock investors from the cares and worries of losses and hard hits along the way. A mutual fund is a great addition to any portfolio that needs a little bit of stability. And it is a great way to secure your financial future in retirement.

The Basics about Mutual Fund

Sunday, May 31st, 2009

If you are researching stock market investing then you may wonder what the term ‘mutual fund’ means. If you are like I was, you probably have no real clue as to what the term actually means in terms of financial benefits or even exactly what a mutual fund is. Hopefully, reading this will clear up a few of the details for you so that you can move on to make informed decisions about where and how to invest your money.

I should begin by pointing out that there really is no method for investing that is completely without risk. That being said, mutual funds have lower risks that many other investment options, which makes them an attractive purchase for those that are unsure about investing. In fact, for the purpose of savings, mutual funds often have much better rates of return than the average savings account at your local bank and the risks are minimal in this type of investment, particularly compared to other riskier ventures.

So back to basics, mutual funds are, simply put, a collection of stocks and bonds that are owned by a group of people rather than one individual investor. This accomplishes a few things. First of all, it allows investors to buy in with considerably less money than it would take to purchase the same ‘portfolio’ on their own and it spreads the damage out among a group of people should something go wrong. In addition, because it isn’t one single stock or bond or generally even one sector of the stock market, the risks for a complete and total loss are reduced to some degree. Keep in mind however that the market does simply have bad days on occasion and there is little that can be done about that short of stuffing your money under your mattress and it certainly won’t grow there.

There are plenty of advantages and disadvantages in regards to purchasing mutual funds. You won’t find the flashy swings, dips, dives, and other grand maneuvers in the typical mutual funds. Most mutual funds are selected because of their stability not for in hopes of massive profits though some mutual funds are, admittedly, more aggressive than others. It really depends on how much of a gambler you are by nature and how much of your investment and retirement you are willing to risk whether or not you will be satisfied with mutual funds as part or all of your investment portfolio.

Diversification is one of the key ingredients of a healthy portfolio and mutual funds will help you work the diversity you need into your portfolio in short order. If you are young and just beginning your career and in no real hurry for retirement this is one of the safest ways to invest your money for the long haul. Unfortunately it may lead to a comfortable retirement but is unlikely to lead to a flashy retirement, as most mutual funds do not have the high payoffs that many investors seek.

There are essentially three types of mutual funds with a few variations on each. First there are money market funds. These funds are great for the long-term investor who has a slow and steady approach to investing and will generally be better than leaving your money in a savings account collecting interest but there are better earning funds to be found. Second are the equity funds. These funds provide slow growth over time as well as some income along the way. Finally there are the fixed income funds. The purpose of these funds is to provide a current income over time. These are not funds that are anticipated to increase in value only to maintain a certain standard of living. This is great for those who have retired or investors that are extremely conservative in nature. Hopefully this finds you knowing a little more about mutual funds in general and preparing to learn even more about how to take control of your investment options and make these key decisions for your future and that of your family.

Are Stocks or Mutual Funds a better Investment?

Saturday, May 30th, 2009

It may seem a little strange to compare mutual funds with stocks but you should so you make the best decisions to secure your financial future. Some of the more notable differences will be discussed below in order to help you decide which investment type is more suitable for your financial situation.

When it comes to investing for the everyday man or woman you really can’t beat mutual funds. Stocks carry hefty fees for buying, selling, and transferring that significantly hinder any profits that would otherwise be made from the transaction. In fact, these fees often serve to deter the trading of stocks rather than encouraging it. Perversely, big trading companies offer hefty discounts for their big spenders making the stock market trading game seem even more exclusive by making it easier for those who already have a great deal invested than they make it for the new guy trying to make his way on the market. Mutual funds are much more accessible to those who don’t have massive fortunes available to invest and need to make small steps (such as $100 a month) towards their financial and investment goals.

Mutual funds typically carry less risk than the average stock purchase as well. This happens for many reasons. First of all mutual funds are not generally invested in one sector, industry, or company. For this reason if one of the stocks fails, the proceeds from the other stocks and bonds purchased will help mitigate the loss, making it less noticeable. At the same time, the loss is shared by a large group of people so that even if a slight overall loss is experienced as the result it will be much less noticeable than if the stock purchased was yours and your alone. Finally, the fact that the funds are already diversified to a large degree helps insulate from huge fluctuations in the market such as those seen recently when the sub prime mortgage industry bubble popped leaving many investors ducking for cover.

Share the wealth. Share the risk. Mutual funds offer a sense of community, commonality, and shared risk among those who buy into a specific mutual fund. This is a good thing most of the time as it enables a large group of people to share a much smaller portion of risk than if they were buying stocks of their own volition. The existence of a fund manager means that there is someone “in the know” who is looking after the profit of the fund and that has the success of the fund at heart. This is something that you won’t find when investing in stocks. In fact, when it comes to the stock market the only people that really care about how your stocks are performing are those that you pay to care for these things such as your financial advisor, accountant, and/or stockbroker.

Another thing to consider about mutual funds is that they are much easier to use and/or trade than stocks. They are much less expensive to trade as well. You can purchase mutual funds from your local bank, online, and through many online trading companies as well as through many company 401 (k) plans. In other words mutual funds go out of their way to make themselves accessible. The most important thing, really, when it comes to buying mutual funds is that you devote some time to studying the history and performance of the fund you are considering to purchase as well as the fund manager for peace of mind.

As you can see there are a lot of differences between stocks and mutual funds. For small investors mutual funds are often the best route to take. Mutual funds are less risky and will give you good growth over time.

Penny Stocks and their Investment Risks

Friday, May 29th, 2009

Playing the stock market is a risky business. There are high-risk stocks and investments along with many low risk mutual funds and everything in between. When it comes to high-risk investment options, penny stocks often top the charts as some of the highest risks you will find in investment circles. Of course, they also offer some of the highest yield of any other stocks as well because the prices start so low and the sky is literally the limit. Do not get stars in your eyes however when considering penny stocks as investments because there are many that have gone before you into that type of investment and relatively few that have come back from the brink as wealthy men and women.

Of course reason is rarely a good bedfellow for ambition or dreams and the low prices of most penny stocks it’s perfectly acceptable for even the common man to have a few dreams of his own when it comes to obtaining wealth by playing the stock market game and there is a much greater thrill with penny stocks than you will find in any casino with penny slots. 

Some of the common risks associated with penny stocks may not be risks one would commonly assume are related to the stock market. The thing you need to remember is that trading penny stocks isn’t regulated in the manner that the major stock exchanges are regulated. This means that a large safety net that others in the stock market are protected, to some degree, by does not extend into the murky waters of penny stock trading. It is the forgotten child of oversight and investors are left to fend for themselves.

The first risk is fraud and this risk seems to be rampant in the penny stock market. You will find all kinds of fraudulent penny stocks that are heavily marketed by overseas companies that look glossy and legitimate on the Internet, in investment magazines, and through many brochures, and even several carefully crafted and well written press releases, newsletters, and emails. The problem is that there is no product or the demand is deceptively overrated and the stocks are essentially junk stocks worth nothing, if they exist at all. The “businesses” in question take the money, dump, and run never to be heard from again. Unfortunately this is quite common and many of the “companies” that perpetrate the frauds are located overseas. This is the biggest risk though certainly not the only risk

The other risk is that the companies that are listing penny stocks are often smaller businesses that are building or larger businesses that have fallen off the major exchanges radar for one reason or another and are either going through desperate restructuring or failing all together. Both pose very real risks but if you choose to put your faith in the right new business or old business that is getting its act together the proper way you can find amazing profits on the other end of the roller coaster ride.

The other risks that are involved when trading penny stocks are the lack of financial reporting. Corporations and companies that trade in the major stock exchanges are required to release their financial information and account to their stockholders. The same doesn’t hold true for penny stocks. There is no accountability and very little public information. This means you have to really dig to find out credible information about the companies you are considering and are left going with your gut more often than not rather than relying on legitimate information that will be beneficial in your investment decisions.

Penny stocks are very lucrative to those who manage to pull off the investments and come out ahead. But it can be hard to make huge profits in these investments.

Mutual Fund Benefits

Friday, May 29th, 2009

Everything has its benefits and drawback so what are the benefits of investing in mutual funds? For many investors this is the only way to go while others are very wary or even contemptuous of those who elect to navigate the safer waters of mutual funds rather than taking the risks of the open seas of the stock market. Either way you should understand that there are many benefits to be found by working with mutual funds rather than stocks. You will find a good many of these benefits listed here.

1) Safety in numbers. In a mutual fund you pool your money with a group of people in order to buy a certain set of stocks or bonds or some combination of the two. In this you share the risks among you. Some will argue that you also share the rewards but that is the price you must pay in order to have the security that comes with shared risk.

2) Diversity. You won’t need to worry about intentional diversification with mutual funds for the most part because they are already diversified for you. In most cases you have to purchase very specific mutual funds in order to get a group of stocks or bonds that are too similar in nature, as this would defeat the purpose for many mutual fund investors. It is possible to purchase an industry specific mutual fund though that does increase your risks to some degree. Having your investments spread out across industries and investment type helps minimize the impact should a catastrophic loss occur in one area the blow is softened because the fund encompasses more than one specific stock or bond.

3) Professional management. The average citizen would be hard pressed to afford the services of a financial advisor or stock broker and still have a significant amount of money left in which to invest. You are graced with the skills of a professional investor to guide your fund through the shark infested waters of the trading Bermuda triangle while you are allowed to put your mind to rest and focus on other things such as the places you will go when retirement strikes or the college educations your children will have courtesy of your investments today.

4) Lower transaction fees. This is a huge benefit to many investors who know without a doubt that those transaction fees can literally kill the profits you’d make on occasion. The reason the fees are often lower is that mutual funds are purchased in large lots because they use the collective monies of a large group of people to make a larger purchase rather than using a small amount of money from one person to do the job. Same fee, but more bang for the buck and it’s divided among others in the group rather than one person absorbing the entire transaction fee.

5) The ability to cash out at any time. This isn’t really different than stocks but for those who are considering all with no preconceived understanding you should understand that you can get your money out whenever you need to if emergencies arise. There are fees involved of course but you can recover your investment most of the time and bring home a bit of a profit on occasion.

6) Easy as pie. This is something that most people overlook when making investment decisions but should pay a little more attention to. It is easy to purchase a mutual fund and it can often be done for very little money, especially when compared to stock purchases.

There are a few downsides to dealing with mutual funds as well though for many the benefits far outweigh the potential for lower returns, which is the most commonly complained about detraction from mutual fund investing. Always check out the pros and cons of any investment opportunity before making your final decision.

The Key To Successful Online Stocks Trading

Thursday, May 28th, 2009

If you have ever considered online stocks trading, now is a great time to get involved. Stocks are still down across the board but we are getting close to the turning point in this recession where everything will start to go up. This is great news if you are just starting out because chances are any stock you pick is going to increase in value as the whole market ride a wave to recovery.

There are never any guarantees with the market, a painful lesson a lot of us learned over the past year and a half, but a century of historical data shows that even with its rises and dips, the stock market always rises over the long term.

Indeed, “The long term” is the key to online trading success. If you are patient and willing to hold on to a stock it is likely to make money for you eventually. It is usually the people betting on short term gains that get badly burned in the market.

So if you have started to think seriously about online stocks trading, you need to first make yourself a budget. Simply put, the money you can afford to lose is the money you can afford to invest in the stock market. The money should be in the bank where it safe, if you need to pay some bills the next month.

You will rarely lose any money if you never forced to pull money out of the market. Because if a stock goes down, all you have to do is hold on to it and wait. Unless the company has totally imploded, the stock will usually recover in time.

To get started with online stocks trading, you need to create an account with a reputable online broker. Pick one that is well known as they will have the most secure websites. This is hugely important as you will be sharing your personal information and your banking and credit card information to set up the account and you certainly don’t want to risk identity theft. The stock market is risky enough!

Once you have found a brokerage site that you like, you can start researching and picking stocks. Buy small amounts of cheap stocks to start if you’re just starting out with online stocks trading. This will allow you to spread your risk around and if any of your choices turns out to be a mistake it will not wipe out your whole portfolio.

Online stocks trade should fun and by investing small amounts you can get involved with more companies which increases the rate at which you will learn about the market. It is also a good idea to buy several very reliable stable stocks and then take a bit more risk with a few that are more volatile. This gives you a chance of hitting it big while preventing you from losing it all.

Creating A Trading Plan

Wednesday, May 27th, 2009

How vital is it to maintain a day trading plan?

Why do you want a trading plan?

This commentary will explore several valuable aspects of why you must have a trading plan, as well as the necessary fundamentals of your trading plan.

A trading plan is of high magnitude to your trading success. Trading is a business, and most businesses have to have a plan. Fastidious planning is elementary to your success. In fact, strategic planning will do you well in business as well as in trading.

If you don’t have a trading plan, your trading decisions could be frequently based on hunches and emotions – and probabilities are you will not realize trading success, over the extended term.

If trying to trade with no a trading plan – costly mistakes are inevitable. Emotional decisions are the largely destructive aspect for a trader. Do not let your emotions to dictate your trading habits.
It is not necessary to have a problematical trading plan, keep your trading plan easy. Have a written trading plan, as the practice of writing things down can be essential to your achievement as a trader.

After spending numerous trading days paper trading your system, you are more easily able to set out and organize a trading plan.

A trading plan should take in not only your goals but must also designate how you intend to achieve them.

Steady procedures can only be achieved through an exhaustive written trading plan. Traders must have confidence in their trading plans, and remain true to their trading plan.

A day trading plan has got to comprise of a number of basic issues such as your trading goals and objectives. A trading plan must incorporate your entries, profit targets and stop loss.

Entering into a trade is one of the first decisions you formulate when trading. However, this is also on of the least important……

A trading plan ought to also contain position size. How much are you prepared to suffer the loss of on one trade? The lesser the percentage of your trading account dedicated to any one trade, the greater the possibility of your being being successful. You need to distinguish the greatest amount at risk for every trade. You additionally need to comprehend the highest amount you are prepared to suffer the loss of for the day before you stop trading. Protecting your money, or money management, is undoubtedly an enormously crucial part of success.

The goal is not just to make money, but also to be able to keep on making wealth consistently for an extensive period of time.

When in a winning trade, be patient and fully benefit from the success. The frequent trading axiom is, “slash your losses short and let your profits run”.

A trading plan ought to outline particular goals to accomplish inside a set time.

Having a written trading plan gives one an edge over nearly all others and as the failure percentage of traders is so elevated, how can you afford not to come up with a written trading plan.

A written trading plan will not assure you success, but not having one will pretty much promise failure.

The basis to any day trading plan is how well it holds over time.

Have you paper traded your method for a satisfactory period of time? This would provide confidence to conquer every particular setup. If you have a few stopouts in a row, which is assured to take place at some stage, you carry on taking each and every one of the trades. Will your system succeed in the long term?

You have tried your system and tested it and you are delighted to go live with it. Now is the time to write out your day trading plan.

 

Gaming Stock Portfolio: The Excalibur Hotel and Casino

Wednesday, May 27th, 2009

If you are considering visiting Las Vegas you should really consider the Excalibur Hotel and Casino. The Excalibur has everything that you come to expect from a Las Vegas Hotel. The hotel offers many entertainment options, dining that is world class and of course lots of casino action.

When you check into your room you will find it very decorated in very warm tones with hardwood furniture. High speed internet access, hair dryers, irons and cable tv are just a few of the amenities that the Excalibur offers to it’s guests. If you are looking for something a little bit different be sure to request the “Turret” room with it’s castle theme. The standard rooms offer King or Queen sized beds, spa rooms have a built in spa for two which is very romantic and relaxing. In the parlor suite you will find a full living room, a dining area, a fridge, marble spa and shower and a guest bathroom.

Not only does the Excalibur offer everything you could need but the staff is exceptionally friendly. The casino offers slots, poker, sports book, table games like blackjack and baccarat and keno all of which is available around the clock. Slots and other electronic games offer betting from one cent to one hundred dollars and the sports book allows you to wager on horse and dog racing as well as your favorite sports team. The Tournament of Kings dinner show is a wonderful experience. While eating a wonderful meal yo can watch jousting and dancing maidens. For the ladies the Excalibur offers the world famous “Thunder from Down Under” with the hottest Australian hunks that continent has to offer. If you are in need of a good laugh be sure to check out Louie Anderson’s show Larger than Life.

Zagat has awarded the Steakhouse At Camelot many awards for it’s fine food and service. along with their tender beef the Steakhouse has fresh seafood flown in each day. It’s even possible to arrange a private dining room. If you are in the mood for a buffet the Excalibur treats you like a King. Whether you are looking for Breakfast, Lunch or diner the Excalibur has you covered. Don’t miss the Champagne Sunday Brunch. If you decide to dine at Sir Galahads another fine Excalibur restaurant be sure to try their aged prime beef seasoned with rock salt and pepper. Slow roasted and sliced right at the table, nothing could be tastier.

You cannot visit Vegas without treating yourself to a day at the spa and the Royal Treatment Spa will certainly have you feeling like royalty. Overlooking the pool area, this 13,000 square feet spa will pamper you with a wide variety of options. When you are not busy eating, sleeping playing blackjack, craps or roulette you can entertain your self by taking a stroll along the Castle Walk with the 17 shops, a gaming arcade and a gorgeous pool the Excalibur Hotel and Casino has everything to fill your needs.  Find out more at Hotel In Vegas Nevada, Jackpot Nevada Hotels or Harrahs Nevada.

How to Avoid Slimy Stock Traders

Tuesday, May 26th, 2009

 

I’ve had the opportunity to meet a lot of different stock trading experts during my fifteen year career as a stock trader. Most are top notch, but there are others that give our profession a really bad reputation. Unfortunately, they are the ones that can burn a new investor and turn them off from a fantastic pursuit for life. In the hopes of warning you away for some of the slime before you go through what I did, here are a few of my experiences, and a couple suggestions for avoiding the encounters yourself.

 

I’ll never forget my worst experience with a stock trading service, the ultimate in “slime” and an incident that changed my life. It, finally, taught me the important lesson that some people are just in it for themselves, regardless of who they hurt along the way. It also clarified in my mind that I could not be like that, and finalized my personal creed that if an opportunity will end up hurting someone else, I say no and move onto something else.

 

This service, like many others, provided a daily listing of recommended stocks to buy or sell short each day. And, like many others, they had impressive statistics to prove that, in most cases, the stocks they chose would do what they said they would. I was impressed, and said “sign me up!”

 

But, unlike many others, this particular service had an ulterior motive I was not aware of at the start. Turns out, the folks running the service were making recommendations to their subscriber group for the sole purpose of manipulating the prices for their own profits.

 

Let me give you an example. The first step was for the top management to purchase IBM stock through their account. Then, they would send out a recommendation to the subscriber group, telling us to buy IBM. Once their 3000 + subscribers started purchasing as recommended, the price would rise from the sales activity. When the cost of the stock accelerated to a level that the slime were happy, they sold their stock for a profit.

 

I couldn’t believe that this service was using its subscribers to front run their own orders. Their purpose wasn’t to help the subscribers as promised, but rather to make their money and exit. This was not only immoral, but they were collecting monthly fees from the subscribers to make it happen!

 

I must admit, most stock services do not subscribe to that slimy form of business. However, less offensive, but more prevalent are those services that convince the new trader that stock trading is way to risky to go it alone. However, if you opt into their monthly program (with impressive monthly fees), they will do all of the work for you.

 

True, stock trading is complicated at first, until you have found a system that is right for you. However, if anyone tries to convince you that you can never gain enough knowledge to eventually go it alone, they are probably just in it for your monthly subscription fees. These systems are typically pretty generic and don’t take into consideration your personal risk tolerance or trading preferences.

 

Now granted, some people don’t want to bother with stock trading on their own, and are content to pay the monthly fee, be told what to trade, and be right some of the time. While the return is usually okay, I have found that finding a system that works and structuring it around your risk tolerance level will always result in higher returns and a more satisfactory trading experience.

 

It does take some upfront legwork to find someone to help you learn the ropes without taking control over from you. But they are out there, and you will be happy with the outcome as they will take the slime out of the field and give you the tools you need to become self sufficient at stock trading. I guarantee, you will enjoy the results for many years to come.

 

To read about other lessons I learned in my fifteen years as a day trader and coach, as well as tips and techniques for becoming successful at stock trading, read my free report “From Video Junkie to Day Trader,” and learn more about how you could be trading stocks profitably in as little as two weeks.

Warren Buffet Books

Monday, May 25th, 2009

Warren Buffet was born in 1930 in Omaha, Nebraska and has become probably the world’s most successful investor. He is the son of a stockbroker and Congressman, and of course everyone wants to learn about his trading secrets.
 
I don’t think that Warren Buffet has actually written a book about his investment principals himself, in that sense there is no Warren Buffet book, but he has from time to time given hints in his annual letters to share holders of Berkshire Hathaway, and in other short notes and reports to the media.
 
However there have been a lot of books written about Warren Buffet by others who have tried to put together the story and ideas behind the man and his fortune.
 
In fact if you go to Amazon and do a search for “Warren Buffet” will find 2,576 books being listed, compare that to “Bill Gates”, who for a long time was also considered to be the riches man in the world, and you only find 11 listings, that should give you some idea about the public obsession with the man.
 
I have only read one of his books called “The Warren Buffett Way”, it was hard work and somewhat of a boring read. Much of the content of all these books on Warren Buffet seems to be the same basic information about value investing and being patient with your investments. I don’t think much can be gained by reading more than one of them.
 
Here is a very small selection of some of the better known ones:
 
The Warren Buffett Way, Second Edition by Robert G. Hagstrom, Ken Fisher, and Bill
The Snowball – Warren Buffett and the Business of Life
The essential Buffett library
Investing – the Last Liberal Art – by Robert Hagstrom
Buffett, by Roger Lowenstein
The New Buffettology, written by Mary Buffet and David Clark
The Interpretation of Financial Statements, by Benjamin Graham
Value Investing, by Janet Lowe
Robert Hagstrom, The Warren Buffett Way
Buffettology by Mary Buffett and David Clark
Janet Lowe, Warren Buffett Speaks: Wit and Wisdom from the Word’s Greatest Investor
John Train, The Midas Touch: The Strategies That Have Made Warren Buffett ‘America’s Preeminent Investor’.
Andrew Kilpatrick, Of Permanent Value: The Story of Warren Buffett
Warren Buffett, Lawrence Cunningham (editor), The Essays of Warren Buffett
Janet M. Tavakoli, Dear Mr. Buffett: What An Investor Learns 1,269 Miles From Wall Street
 
Many of these books are quite large, with many pages that would take a long time to read, and even longer to understand and make any sense of. A better way of understanding Buffet maybe to find investment articles which have summarised the Buffet principals into short concise lessons that can be quickly learnt and applied.
 
One point of caution however, and this is not investment advice, Buffet has made most of his fortune during the years of the great USA bull markets, times have changed and maybe these principals are no longer as effective as they used to be.